IP Parameters

IP OPTION NUMBERS

The Internet Protocol (IP) has provision for optional header fields
identified by an option type field.  Options 0 and 1 are exactly one
octet which is their type field.  All other options have their one
octet type field, followed by a one octet length field, followed by
length-2 octets of option data.  The option type field is sub-divided
into a one bit copied flag, a two bit class field, and a five bit
option number.  These taken together form an eight bit value for the
option type field.  IP options are commonly refered to by this value.


Copy Class Number Value Name				Reference
---- ----- ------ ----- ------------------------------- ---------
   0     0      0     0 EOOL   - End of Options List    [RFC791,JBP]
   0     0      1     1 NOP    - No Operation           [RFC791,JBP]
   1     0      2   130 SEC    - Security                  [RFC1108]
   1     0      3   131 LSR    - Loose Source Route     [RFC791,JBP]
   0     2      4    68 TS     - Time Stamp             [RFC791,JBP]
   1     0      5   133 E-SEC  - Extended Security         [RFC1108]
   1     0      6   134 CIPSO  - Commercial Security           [???]
   0     0      7     7 RR     - Record Route           [RFC791,JBP]
   1     0      8   136 SID    - Stream ID              [RFC791,JBP]
   1     0      9   137 SSR    - Strict Source Route    [RFC791,JBP]
   0     0     10    10 ZSU    - Experimental Measurement      [ZSu]
   0     0     11    11 MTUP   - MTU Probe                 [RFC1191]
   0     0     12    12 MTUR   - MTU Reply                 [RFC1191]
   1     2     13   205 FINN   - Experimental Flow Control    [Finn]
   1     0     14   142 VISA   - Expermental Access Control [Estrin]
   0     0     15    15 ENCODE - ???                      [VerSteeg]
   1     0     16   144 IMITD  - IMI Traffic Descriptor        [Lee]
   1     0     17   145 EIP    - ???			   [RFC1358]
   0     2     18    82 TR     - Traceroute		   [RFC1393]
   1     0     19   147 ADDEXT - Address Extension    [Ullmann IPv7]	
   1     0     20   148 RTRALT - Router Alert                 [Katz]
   1     0     21   149 SDB    - Selective Directed Broadcast[Graff]
   1     0     22   150 NSAPA  - NSAP Addresses          [Carpenter]

IP TIME TO LIVE PARAMETER

The current recommended default time to live (TTL) for the Internet
Protocol (IP) is 64 [RFC791, RFC1122].


IP TOS PARAMETERS

This documents the default Type-of-Service values that are currently
recommended for the most important Internet protocols.

TOS Value	Description				Reference
---------	--------------------------		---------
  0000		Default					[RFC1349]
  0001		Minimize Monetary Cost			[RFC1349]
  0010		Maximize Reliability			[RFC1349]
  0100		Maximize Throughput			[RFC1349]
  1000		Minimize Delay				[RFC1349]
  1111		Maximize Security			[RFC1455]

The TOS value is used to indicate "better".  Only one TOS value or
property can be requested in any one IP datagram.

Generally, protocols which are involved in direct interaction with a
human should select low delay, while data transfers which may involve
large blocks of data are need high throughput.  Finally, high reliability
is most important for datagram-based Internet management functions.

Application protocols not included in these tables should be able to
make appropriate choice of low delay (8 decimal, 1000 binary) or high
throughput (4 decimal, 0100 binary).

The following are recommended values for TOS:


            ----- Type-of-Service Value -----

Protocol           TOS Value

TELNET (1)         1000                 (minimize delay)

FTP
  Control          1000                 (minimize delay)
  Data (2)         0100                 (maximize throughput)

TFTP               1000                 (minimize delay)

SMTP (3)
  Command phase    1000                 (minimize delay)
  DATA phase       0100                 (maximize throughput)

Domain Name Service
  UDP Query        1000                 (minimize delay)
  TCP Query        0000
  Zone Transfer    0100                 (maximize throughput)

NNTP               0001                 (minimize monetary cost)

ICMP
  Errors           0000
  Requests         0000 (4)
  Responses        <same as request> (4)

Any IGP            0010                 (maximize reliability)

EGP                0000

SNMP               0010                 (maximize reliability)

BOOTP              0000

Notes:

(1) Includes all interactive user protocols (e.g., rlogin).

(2) Includes all bulk data transfer protocols (e.g., rcp).

(3) If the implementation does not support changing the TOS
during the lifetime of the connection, then the
recommended TOS on opening the connection is the default
TOS (0000).

(4) Although ICMP request messages are normally sent with
the default TOS, there are sometimes good reasons why they
would be sent with some other TOS value.  An ICMP
response always uses the same TOS value as was used in the
corresponding ICMP request message.

An application may (at the request of the user) substitute
0001 (minimize monetary cost) for any of the above values.


REFERENCES

[RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol - DARPA Internet Program
         Protocol Specification", STD 5, RFC 791, DARPA, September
         1981.

[RFC1108] Kent, S., "U.S. Department of Defense Security Options for
          the Internet Protocol", RFC 1108, BBN Communications,
          November 1991.

[RFC1122] R. Braden, Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts --
          Communication Layers," IETF Host Requirements Working Group,
          RFC-1122, October 1989.

[RFC1191] Mogul, J., and S. Deering, "Path MTU Discovery", RFC 1191,
          DECWRL, Stanford University, November 1990.

[RFC1349] Almquist, P., "Type of Service in the Internet Protocol
          Suite", RFC 1349, Consultant, July 1992. 

[RFC1358] Chapin, L., Chair, "Charter of the Internet Architecture
          Board (IAB)", RFC 1358, Internet Architecture Board, August
          1992.

[RFC1393] Malkin, G., "Traceroute Using an IP Option", RFC 1393,
          Xylogics, Inc., January 1993.

[RFC1455] Eastlake, D., "Physical Link Security Type of Service",
          RFC 1455, Digital Equipment Corporation, May 1993.

[Ullmann IPv7]


PEOPLE

[Carpenter] Brian Carpenter, <brian@dxcoms.cern.ch>, June 1995.

[Estrin] Deborah Estrin <Estrin@usc.edu> October 1994.

[Finn] Greg Finn <Finn@isi.edu> October 1994.

[Graff] Charles "Bud" Graff, <bud@fotlan.army.mil>, March 1995.

[Katz] Dave Katz <dkatz@cisco.com> November 1994.

[JBP] Jon Postel <postel@isi.edu> October 1994.

[Ullmann] Robert Ullmann <ariel@world.std.com> 


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